![]() the “gig economy”), as well as social organization and individual behaviour ( ILO, 2018).Īt present, there are large variations in the conceptualization and approaches to “flexible working hours” among countries, industries, and companies, according to different cultures, history, socioeconomic conditions, work sectors, the power of unions, and industrial relations ( ILO, 2018). Such working time patterns are rapidly changing in terms of both economic and productive strategies (e.g. Shift and night shift work are therefore the cornerstones of the so-called “temporal flexibility” that characterizes current trends in the diversification of working time patterns of modern society. tourism and entertainment) ( Presser, 2003 Anttila & Oinas, 2018). just-in-time operation and logistics), and the increased exploitation of leisure time (e.g. information and communication technologies) and productive and commercial strategies (e.g. They permit globalization of the labour market and enhance economic competition by enabling nonstop activities favoured by the development of new technologies (e.g. In the modern 24/7 society, shift and night shift work are key features of work organization. power plants, metallurgy, and the chemical industry), and to increase the labour productivity and economic profitability of enterprises (e.g. supply of light, water, and gas health care transport security and telecommunications), to address technological constraints (e.g. In past decades, shift and night work were essentially used for guaranteeing round-the-clock activities related to the provision of essential basic services to the general population (e.g. Applications and drivers of night shift work There exists a myriad of shift systems that can differ widely according to the following main features ( Knauth, 1993, 1996, 1998 Kogi, 2001 Bambra et al., 2008).ġ.2. In the present “24/7 society” (24 hours per day, 7 days per week), shift work may involve various forms of flexible, variable, irregular, and non-standard working hours, including evening and night work, split shifts, staggered working hours, compressed work weeks, weekend work, on-call work, and on-demand work. ![]() The European Union (EU) WTD definition of “night time” is the same as that set by the ILO, and the “night worker” is someone who (a) “during night time, works at least three hours of his daily working time as a normal course” or (b) “is likely during night time to work a certain proportion of his annual working time, as defined at the choice of the Member State concerned” by national legislation or by collective agreements, or agreement between two sides of industry ( European Commission, 2003) (see Section 1.4). Shift work arrangements may extend work to all 24 hours of the day, including night hours, by alternating different workers and/or teams.Īs defined by the ILO, night work means “all work which is performed during a period of not less than seven consecutive hours, including the interval from midnight to 5 a.m.” consequently, “night worker means an employed person whose work requires performance of a substantial number of hours of night work which exceeds a specified limit” ( ILO, 1990a, b). According to the European Working Time Directive No. 2003/88/EC (WTD) concerning certain aspects of the organization of working time, “shift work means any method of organising work in shifts whereby workers succeed each other at the same work stations according to a certain pattern, including a rotating pattern, and which may be continuous or discontinuous, entailing the need for workers to work at different times over a given period of days or weeks” and “shift worker means any worker whose work schedule is part of shift work” ( European Commission, 2003). Shift work is defined by the International Labour Organization (ILO) ( ILO, 1990a, b) as “a method of organization of working time in which workers succeed one another at the workplace so that the establishment can operate longer than the hours of work of individual workers”. ![]() Human biological night depends on individual circadian rhythms, but normally includes the timeframe from 23:00 to 07:00 that most adults use for sleeping this can vary according to, for example, cultural and other differences. “Night” or “night time” is generally defined as the period from sunset to sunrise in each 24 hours. This alters exposure to the natural light–dark schedule and disrupts circadian rhythms. “Night shift work” involves work, including transmeridian travel, that occurs during the regular sleeping hours of the general population. ![]()
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